Hydraulic cylinders are the muscle of a hydraulic system. In this article we’ll present the equations for hydraulic cylinder calculations and discuss efficiency. Cylinder Equations – SI These are the formulas for SI units. All formulas are for theoretical values. Cylinder Equations – US These are the formulas for US units. All formulas are for …
Hydraulic pumps are the heart of a hydraulic system. In this article we’ll present the equations for hydraulic pump calculations and explore efficiencies. We’ll start with the equations in SI and US units. Pump Equations – SI Pump Equations – US Hydraulic Pump Efficiencies There are three types of efficiency associated with a hydraulic pump. …
In this article we’ll dive into hydraulic motor calculations and the important topic of efficiency. Many hydraulic calculators ignore efficiency altogether and merely calculate theoretical values with 100% efficiency. Manufacturers typically don’t get too deep into efficiency either. First we’ll present the equations for various parameters of a hydraulic motor in both SI and US …
The planetary gear train is an important, but complex mechanism. When it comes to analyzing rotation directions and gear speeds, intuition is not enough. We’ll look at the superposition method to determine speeds and rotation directions. For a planetary (a.k.a. epicyclic) gear train there are three possible inputs/outputs: two gears and the planetary gear carrier. …
In this article we’ll look at spiral bevel gear forces that result from gear mesh. These forces are important to determine the loads on shafts and bearings. Spiral bevel gears are useful when input and output shafts are not parallel. Most often, spiral bevel gear shafts are 90 degrees apart. Anatomy of a Bevel Gear …
In this article we’ll look at straight bevel gear forces that result from gear mesh. These forces are important to determine the loads on shafts and bearings. Straight bevel gears are useful when input and output shafts are not parallel. Most often, straight bevel gear shafts are 90 degrees apart. Anatomy of a Bevel Gear …
In this article we’ll look at helical gear forces that result from gear mesh. These forces are important to determine the loads on shafts and bearings. Unlike spur gears, single helical gears generate an axial force. This thrust can be canceled by using a double helical gear (herringbone). This article focuses on single helical gears. …
In this article we’ll look at spur gear forces that result from gear mesh. These forces are important to determine the loads on shafts and bearings. Gear Mesh When two spur gears mesh, their pitch circles touch as shown below. Looking at the free body diagrams for each gear, there is a normal force acting …
Calculating worm gear forces is necessary to determine bearing reactions and shaft loads. Because of the sliding action between the worm and gear, friction plays a major role in a worm gear set’s efficiency. For this discussion, we assume the worm and gear shafts are 90 degrees apart and that the worm is driving the …
Most gear types have efficiencies in a fairly tight range. On the other hand, worm gear efficiency can vary greatly. A large portion of losses in a worm gear set is due to the sliding friction between the worm and gear. The sliding friction is dependent on the worm lead angle, λ and the coefficient …